Overview

Method category: Generative market research

How to Use This in GLIDR

Focus Groups is a research method that helps you learn about your target market's feedback, experiences, pain points, and perspectives in a group discussion setting.

In GLIDR, you can run Research to fit your learning objective for these focus groups, then add Evidence of the "Other" type for each group. You can attach a video or audio recording of the session plus any written notes to make it easy to look back on the experience later. In the Analyze phase, you can review the results and impact of the focus groups on your overall project.

Learn more about each of those aspects of GLIDR:

Focus Groups

Article excerpted from The Real Startup Book

In Brief

A focus group is a small group discussion designed to rapidly gain customer feedback on a given topic. It is like customer development, but performed in a group. In the lean startup world, it is often criticized for devolving into groupthink. The opinions of the most outgoing group members tend to dominate the discussion and distort the outcome. It can also be used to understand the dynamics behind group buying patterns/influences.

Helps Answer

How do customers influence one another in a group setting?
What do customers think?
What are the customers' problems?
What do they think about the product/solution?
What do customers think of alternatives?

Description

Focus groups are a traditional method that larger companies use to hear the voice of the customer. Focus groups are a divergent tool to gather insights based on group conversations. When done well, group conversations help chain associations among group participants, supposedly resulting in a better sense of the subjective essence.

Focus groups have a long history. They were first used over 60 years ago by U.S. government sociologists investigating the effectiveness of WWII military propaganda movies. They are most often used in the context of:

Media consumption
Consumer product advertising
Traditional market research

According to Harvard Business Professor Gerald Zaltman, focus groups tap into only about 5 percent of people's thought processes — the 5 percent that lies above the level of consciousness.

Focus groups are quick and easy to design and use, particularly if there is a bigger budget available, as there are many companies and third parties that help recruit and organize focus group sessions.

They tend be more effective when used as a source of idea generation rather than a tool for verification. Overall, they are used to try to understand "unarticulated needs" directly in the voice of the customer.

According to B2BInternational.com, typical market research situations that might involve focus groups include:

To unravel complex processes from the basics e.g. a complicated buying process
To identify customer needs i.e. where there is a complex interaction of factors influencing motives
To identify working practices e.g. how a particular product is used
To test new products i.e. where something needs showing to people
To explore a concept with stimulus aids
To explore and identify issues of satisfaction for customers, staff, or suppliers
To explore perceptions of brand and service elements associated with the brand

Time Commitment

3 days prep (much less if you outsource participant recruitment) + 90 minutes per session + 1-4 hours to collate results

How To

Pick a single, clear purpose. Single product or issue.
Narrow down your target audience. Pick and talk to one group at a time.
Consider organizing a control group to contrast group opinions against a larger market context.
Refrain from using the focus group for ulterior motives.
Find a second facilitator. Helps with note taking and other organizational issues to avoid group distractions.
Choose a comfortable venue and recording method. Comfort and safety are critical when helping participants relax.
Prepare questions up to 10 questions. Use open-ended questions. Establish rapport. Avoid jargon. Avoid embarrassing or intimidating questions if you can, or only ask them towards the end of a session if participants feel comfortable.
Plan out how you will record data. Consider: Post-its, Evernote, Excel, Software tools
Recruit 6-10 participants, using appropriate incentives/goodies: Advertising, Specialized focus group recruiter, or Other existing marketing channels (from business model canvas)
Pass out consent forms at the beginning of the meeting.
Have everyone introduce themselves.
Announce that the purpose of the meeting is to hold a brainstorming session in order to get participants' opinions, and inform participants that the session is being recorded.
Ask questions. Use your original ones, but also throw in others. Ideally, participants will start to talk among themselves at some point so that you can withdraw from the conversation.
Stay neutral and empathetic. Establish eye contact with participants who are speaking less.
Take written notes during the session (assistant), including non-verbal cues as well as what was said.
Prevent any individual from dominating the discussion. Use questions like, "Does anyone else have a different perspective?"
Finish anywhere between 45 and 90 minutes after the start.
Provide a feedback form.
Repeat if you can. Run a few focus groups, just to get a diversity of opinions.

(adapted from wikihow.com)

Interpreting Results

Use techniques to match patterns in responses, such as affinity mapping using post-its. Also, take note of language used by customers as well as any ideas generated during the discussion as a source of inspiration for further evaluation.

Potential Biases

Confirmation bias: Don't use focus groups to tell you what you already know. Listen for divergent opinions or the unexpected.
False positive: Your focus group may tell you things that aren't true for your market as a whole.
Difference between what customers say vs what they do/buy: Assume consumers are not capable of accurately describing why they make decisions.
Ability of moderator to lead a session: Moderators need to have enough skill to lead a group and manage the dynamic so that you don't lose useful information.
Unrepresentative sampling: Choosing the wrong participants devalues any insights you gain, as they won't be actionable.
Your own ulterior motives: Don't turn a focus group into a PR or sales opportunity. It will skew your results.

Field Tips

If you are considering focus groups, consider whether you can achieve the same with customer development interviews.
Start focus groups with simple questions that build participants' comfort level.
Check technical equipment before starting and have a contingency plan in place.
Focus group members may bring up false information or offensive opinions. Have a plan in place to handle them.
Got a tip? Add a tweetable quote by emailing us: realbook@kromatic.com

Case Studies

Successful:

"Heartwood Institute is a nonprofit organization located in Pittsburgh that specializes in character education resources used by children, teachers, and parents throughout the United States and the world. Moore Research Services was hired by the Institute to assist in constructing and completing focus group research with a new product. This new product, T.R.U.E. Cards: Life Lessons which features 49 beautifully illustrated cards to be used as a discussion tool for building self-esteem in children in fourth through sixth grades. It was being sponsored by the Highmark Foundation as part of a major grant to Heartwood Institute. The Moore Research team was superb in meeting the expectations of Heartwood Institute and the Highmark Foundation as we completed this pertinent step towards the final development of our product. Moore Research provided detailed interviews, in-depth analyses, and statistical information that helped us to launch a successful product. From a 20-year history with experiences from other product testing firms, Heartwood Institute highly recommends Moore Research for their productivity, professionalism, and results in helping the Highmark Foundation’s desired research needs to be successful." --http://www.moore-research.com/how-we-do-it/success-stories
"A Fortune 100 company needed to see what appeal a novel product concept held for customers. Before making a major technology investment to build the product they needed to assess the strength of the concept and exactly what benefits customers anticipated receiving from its use. The focus group design anticipated and successfully validated likely market segments. This study crystallized critical feature functionality that was then taken into a quantitative study to finalize the business requirements and size the market opportunity. The product launched successfully. Awareness, attitudes and usage research conducted a year after the launch confirmed that the benefits and critical feature functionality identified early on were what was driving sales and product satisfaction." --http://www.bierergroup.com/client-success-stories

Unsuccessful:

Following a series of focus groups the company concluded that what teenage girls wanted was technologically enhanced nail polish. This was a happy coincidence as that was precisely what the company produced. However, in Cassell's own research with 3,062 children (60 percent of whom were girls) in 139 countries, in which the children were invited to describe what they would like to use technology for, not a single one of them said technologically enhanced nail polish. Source: userfocus.co.uk
The Yankelovich Minute Monitor recently provided data listing the top six attributes that respondents said will most strongly influence their purchase decisions for an SUV; and a list of the actual decision criteria used at the point of purchase. You can guess the punch line. Not one of the six attributes nominated actually played a role in the final purchase decision. Source: userfocus.co.uk
Got a case study? Add a link by emailing us: realbook@kromatic.com

References (external links)

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